【テーマ】ある「事柄」を主語にする
日本語では「彼の死は一家を無一文の状態に置いた」などとは言わず、普通は「彼が死んで一家は無一文の状態に置かれた」と言いますが、英語では文の主語に抽象名詞(普通名詞として扱う場合も含みます)をズバリと使うことが多いです。実際、この方が副詞句や副詞節も言わず、簡潔に表現できて便利なのです。上記の例も次のように2通りに表現されます。
He died, leaving the family penniless.
His death left the family penniless.
また、「身体の一部、またはそのactivity」を主語にすることもあります。
1、「万一失敗したらと考えると気が滅入りました。」
①I felt dejected when I thought I might fail.
②My heart sank within me at the thought of possible failure.
2、「彼の顔からは多くを知ることはできなかった。」
①I could not learn much from his face.
②His face did not say much.
3、「馬は歯を見ればその年齢が分かる。」
①You can tell how old a horse is, by looking at his teeth.
②The teeth of a horse reveal his age.
以上で分かるように、②のように主語を設定すると、その動詞に相当苦労しなければなりません。しかし、逆に少し調子の堅い文を書く時にはこうした筆回しが必要となります。自信が無い場合には、「人間」を主語にした方がよいでしょう。
【本問題】次の日本文を英訳して下さい。
1、彼は晩年になって富と名声を得た。
(解答例)①He became rich and famous when he was an old man.
②Wealth and fame came to him late in life.
2、貧乏になると乞食根性が出てくるものである。
(解答例)①When one is reduced to poverty, one will often exhibit a
beggarly disposition.
②Poverty brings out the beggar in man.
(参考)これを応用すれば、「金持ちになると利己的になる人が多い」なども、Wealth makes many men selfish.と軽く言えます。
3、自由は必ず責任を伴うものである。
(解答例)①We cannot enjoy freedom without accepting (some
measure of) responsibility.
②Freedom always brings responsibility with it.
4、私の人生観は以前とは変わりました。
(解答例)①I see life differently now.
②My outlook on life has undergone a change.
5、今日、おいでになるような気がしたんですよ。
(解答例)①I had a feeling (that) you’d come today.
②Something (おどけてA little bird) told me (that) you’d come to day.
6、突然、妙案が私の胸に浮かんだ。
(解答例)①I suddenly thought of (あるいはhit on) a capital plan.
②A capital plan suddenly suggested itself to my mind (あるいはoccurred to me).
7、彼は正直なので皆に信用された。
(解答例)①He was trusted by everybody as he was honest.
②His honesty made him trusted by everybody.
8、立派な人柄に優れた才能が加われば、どんな仕事においても成功を勝ち得るに決まっている。
(解答例)①If you have fine character and great ability, you will surely
succeed in whatever business you may be engaged in.
②High character, joined to outstanding ability, is bound to win success
in any walk of life.
9、2、3ページの英語を訳すのに2時間以上もかかりました。
(解答例)①I took more than two hours to translate a few pages of
English.
②The translation of a few pages of English took me more than two
hours.
(解説)①については、itを仮主語にすれば次のようになります。
It took me more than two hours to translate a few pages of English.
また、②については、translateの名詞形translationに「翻訳すること」の意味があるので、こうした言い方が可能になります。
(参考)It took me ten weeks to read the Bible through.
10、彼はタバコののみすぎで健康を害した。
(解答例)①He made himself ill by excessive smoking.
②Excessive smoking injured his health.
(参考)Regular habits, daily exercise, cleanliness and moderation in
eating as well as in drinking, would keep most people in good health.
11、山の木をむやみに伐採すると、豪雨の際、河川が氾濫する。
(解答例)①If too many trees are thoughtlessly cut down in the
mountains, we must have floods when it rains hard.
②Careless cutting of trees in the mountains causes floods in the rivers when there is a heavy rain.
(解説)このmustは「必ず…となる(する)」という「不可避な結果
(a necessary result)」を示します。
12、冬に雷が鳴ることは比較的まれである。
(解答例)①We seldom have thunder in winter.
②The occurrence of thunder in winter is comparatively rare.
13、試験が切迫してきたので、学生達は猛勉強を始めた。
(解答例)①The students began to cram frantically as the examinations drew near.
②The approach of the examinations set the students studying hard.
14、人の育ちはケンカの仕方で分かる。
(解答例)①A man reveals his breeding by his behavior in a quarrel.
②The test of a man’s breeding is how he behaves in a quarrel.
15、息子が試験に合格したので両親は非常に喜んだ。
(解答例)①The parents were exceedingly pleased at their son’s
success in the examination.
②Their son’s success in the examination gave them acute pleasure.
(参考)He succeeded…, much to his parents’ delight.
16、この病気にかかると、数日のうちに死んでしまいます。
(解答例)①If you catch this disease, you will die in a couple of days.
②This disease will carry off its victims in a matter of days.
17、健康が回復したので、彼は研究を再び続けることができた。
(解答例)①He got well and could take up his studies again.
②His recovery of health enabled him to resume his studies.
18、あまりびっくりしたので、ほとんど口もきけませんでした。
(解答例)①I was so astonished that I could hardly (あるいはscarcely)
speak.
②I was almost too astonished to speak.
③Astonishment almost deprived me of my power of speech.
④My amazement almost struck me dumb.
19、彼は絶望して自殺を遂げた。
(解答例)①He committed suicide in despair.
②Despair drove him to suicide.
20、次第次第に眠くなってきました。
(解答例)①I began to feel more and more sleepy.
②Slumber gradually stole up on me.
21、彼は持ち前の自尊心から、報酬は一切受け取ろうとしなかった。
(解答例)①He was too proud to accept (あるいはso proud that he
would not accept) any reward.
②His pride would not allow him to accept any reward.