読解問題を解いている最中の頭の動き。細かいことがわからなくても大丈夫！
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According to paragraph 1,
all of the following are controls
that held together the Roman world
EXCEPT
A. administrative and legal systems
B. the presence of the military
C. a common language
D. transportation networks
ローマ世界をまとめていた統治の力がいくつか出てくるのだな、ということがわかります。上記 A. から D. のうち、３つが paragraph 1 に出てきます。ひとつだけ出てきません。では探しにいきましょう。
<paragraph 1>
[第１文]
There is a quality of cohesiveness
about the Roman world that applied
neither to Greece
nor perhaps to any other civilization,
ancient or modern.
[第２文]
Like the stones of a Roman wall,
which were held together both
by the regularity of the design
and by that peculiarly powerful
Roman cement, so the various
parts of the Roman realm wer
bonded into a massive, monolithic
entity by physical, organizational,
and psychological controls.
[第３文]
The physical bonds included
the network of military garrisons,
which were stationed in every province,
and the network of stone-built roads
that linked the provinces with Rome.
[第４文]
The organizational bonds were based
on the common principles of law and
administration and on the universal
army of officials who enforced
common standards of conduct.
[第５文]
The psychological controls were built
on fear and punishment —on the
absolute certainty that anyone or
anything that threatened the authority
of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
見つかりましたか？
パラグラフ１は上記５文からなっていました。６文目以降はありません。
5文で全てです。
私が読むときはこんなふうに読んでいます。全ての単語を完璧に理解しているわけではありません。main idea を汲むようにしています。読みながら考えていることを ( ) 内に書いてみました。
<paragraph 1>
[第１文]
There is a quality of cohesiveness
about the Roman world that applied
neither to Greece
nor perhaps to any other civilization,
ancient or modern.
(ローマ世界については、cohesiveness の quality があるんだなあ。
何かの一貫性があるってことだな。読みとばそう。)
[第２文]
Like the stones of a Roman wall,
which were held together
both
by the regularity of the design
and
by that peculiarly powerful Roman
cement,
so the various parts of the Roman realm
were bonded
into a massive, monolithic entity
by physical,
organizational,
and
psychological controls.
(massive, monolithic entity かあ。
physical, organizational, and psychological ねえ。
強大な力で物理的にも、組織的にも、心理的にも一枚岩にしてたってことかあ。)
[第３文]
The physical bonds included
the network of military garrisons,
which were stationed in every province,
and the network of stone-built roads
that linked the provinces with Rome.
(物理的な繋がりかあ。ミリタリーな garrisons ？ 各地に配置されてたんだから軍事基地か駐屯地だな。それと？石造りの道路！ああ、「全ての道はローマに通ず」っていうあれね！)
ここで既に２つの選択肢を正解候補から排除できます。
A. administrative and legal systems
B. the presence of the military
←軍隊の存在
C. a common language
D. transportation networks
← 石造りの道路
この [第３文] には B. と D. に関する言及がありました。
[第４文]
The organizational bonds were based
on the common principles
of law and administration
and
on the universal army of officials
who enforced common standards
of conduct.
(組織上の繋がりは共通の法と行政の原則に基づいていたわけね。で、それに従わせるための軍隊もあった、と。)
ここで残り１つの選択肢を正解候補から排除できます。
A. administrative and legal systems
← 行政と法の体系
B. the presence of the military
←軍隊の存在
C. a common language
D. transportation networks
← 石造りの道路
この [第４文] には A. に関する言及がありました。
[第５文]
The psychological controls were built
on fear and punishment
—on the absolute certainty
that anyone or anything
that threatened the authority of Rome
would be utterly destroyed.
(心理的なコントロールは恐怖と罰の上に成り立っていたわけか。力と脅しで統治が成り立ってたってことね。)
最後まで C. の選択肢
a common language
の話は出てきませんでした。よって C. が正解です。
それでは見直ししてみましょう。
According to paragraph 1,
all of the following are contro
that held together the Roman world
EXCEPT
A. administrative and legal systems
B. the presence of the military
C. a common language
D. transportation networks
[第１文]
There is a quality of cohesiveness
about the Roman world that applied
neither to Greece
nor perhaps to any other civilization,
ancient or modern.
[第２文]
Like the stones of a Roman wall,
which were held together
both
by the regularity of the design
and
by that peculiarly powerful Roman
cement,
so the various parts of the Roman realm
were bonded
into a massive, monolithic entity
by physical,
organizational,
and
psychological controls.
[第３文]
The physical bonds included
the network of military garrisons,
which were stationed in every province,
and the network of stone-built roads
that linked the provinces with Rome.
[第４文]
The organizational bonds were based
on the common principles
of law and administration
and
on the universal army of officials
who enforced common standards
of conduct.
[第５文]
The psychological controls were built
on fear and punishment
—on the absolute certainty
that anyone or anything
that threatened the authority of Rome
would be utterly destroyed.
ローマ世界を一つにしていたのは、
(1) the network
of military garrisons
(2) the network
of stone-built roads
(3) the common principles
of law and administration
の３つ。
(1) が選択肢 B. の
the presence of the military、
(2) が選択肢 D. の
transportation networks、
(3) が選択肢 A. の
administrative and legal systems
に該当しています。
選択肢 C. の a common language は、ローマ世界を一つにまとめているものとしてこの段落中には言及がありません。やはり C. が正解です。
どうでしたか？決して一字一句読んで考えているわけではないことにご注目ください。ローマ世界は強大な力で統一されていたこと、それを可能にしたのが、(1) 軍の存在、(2) 道路の存在、(3) 行政法体系の存在の３つだったわけです。
江戸幕府も同じですね。幕府軍がいて、五街道が整備され、武家諸法度、禁中並公家諸法度があって、というのと同じです。
日本国も同じです。自衛隊がいて、警察がいて、交通網が整備され、憲法を頂点とする法体系もちゃんとできている。
大昔のローマ世界も現代日本に通づるポイントを持っているのです。
